What exactly is a diamond?

As vintage vixen Marilyn Monroe sang, diamonds are a girl's best friend. They've come to symbolize the height of affluence and affection. Though the baubles have been in vogue only since the 1950s, these minerals have existed deep inside the Earth for billions of years.

And while they aren't any rarer than rubies, emeralds or sapphires, diamonds' unique properties put them a cut above the rest.

The Chemistry of Diamonds

Diamond is the most concentrated form of pure carbon in the natural world and the strongest mineral on Earth, far exceeding other carbon allotropes such as graphite and fullerite. The secret to diamond's superior strength is found on the molecular level. Carbon atoms possess four valence electrons available for bonding. In diamond crystals, each of those four free electrons forms a covalent bond with a valence electron of a neighboring carbon atom. Since all of the free electrons are bonded uniformly, it creates a rigid tetrahedral lattice that gives the coveted mineral its prized properties.

The Real McCoy: Natural Diamonds

The organic process of diamond formation requires four key ingredients: carbon, pressure, heat and time. When it comes to heat and pressure, the specific conditions are at least 752 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius) and 434,113 pounds per square inch (30 kilobars). Prime diamond real estate is located about 100 miles (160 kilometers) underground in the Earth's mantle. There, diamonds have formed over billions of years from heated and pressurized carbon.

Hundreds of millions of years ago, eruptions of magma from the mantle propelled natural diamonds closer to the Earth's surface. The funnel-shaped areas carved out by the magma eruptions are called kimberlite pipes, named for the first formation discovered in Kimberley, South Africa. Gradually, the tops of the pipes eroded, exposing the diamonds below. Erosion can also carry diamonds from their original location into riverbeds and coastal lands. In its roughest form, diamond ore doesn't look like the shiny nuggets atop engagement rings. Diamonds must be sorted, cut and polished to bring out their luster.

Fake, But Flawless: Synthetic Diamonds

Like 18th-century alchemists striving to turn common elements into gold, geologists long sought out methods for creating synthetic diamonds. According to the American Museum of Natural History, Swedish and American researchers cracked the carbon code in the 1950s to convert graphite and molten iron into diamond.

The most authentic man-made diamonds today are manufactured by subjecting pure carbon to intense heat and pressure in a simulation of the organic process. To the naked eye, these synthetic diamonds are indistinguishable from natural ones -- and fetch a lower price to boot.

Bling Bling: The Value of Diamonds

Since the cartel De Beers controls a majority of the world's diamonds, the price tag seldom drops. However, as the world's most durable mineral, diamonds are in high demand even outside of the fashion accessory market. According to the Natural Museum of History, diamonds conduct heat five times faster than copper, can pass or block electrical currents and endure extreme temperatures and chemical exposure. The sharpened gems are employed as specialized drill bits, for instance, and synthetic diamonds have opened the possibility of applying them to microchips and semiconductors.

Whether produced in the Earth's mantle or a high-powered pressure cooker, diamonds are valued equally for their beauty and their practicality. Given the gems' potential applications, tomorrow's diamond spokesperson may be more along the lines of Bill Gates than Marilyn Monroe.

Beyond exquisite jewelry, diamonds have many industrial uses. Diamonds are the hardest natural substance known that resists scratching. They are used for their durability to cut through many solid materials, including other diamonds. The beauty of how light passes through and shines upon a diamond has made it the favorite choice for jewelry and most popular gem around the world.

Identification

Diamonds gemstones are very rare. They are composed of carbon atoms that form tight bonds with each other to make the extremely durable diamond. Diamonds naturally exist 100 miles into the Earth's mantle. Volcano eruptions would surface large chunks o f the xenoliths, or mantle rocks. Diamonds are mined from these rocks and their sediments.

Diamonds as Gems

Diamonds with superior clarity are chosen specifically for jewelry. The value of diamonds is based on their quality, beauty, color, cut and carats. Diamonds are highly sort after for their high sparkle against gold, platinum, silver and other precious metals. Diamonds move light like a prism. The high refractive index and the high dispersion of diamonds causes light to bend and spread, showing all the colors of the rainbow. Most of the diamonds mined are not used for jewelry. In fact, four of five diamonds are used for industrial operations. These diamonds are called bort diamonds.

Diamonds Used as Abrasives

Diamonds are used as slurries and as cutting tools. Diamond slurries are a paste made of water and a mixture containing small diamond pieces. These slurries are used to grind down the surface of solid rock and other materials and for polishing their surfaces. Diamond slurries are also used in lapping, where the slurry is sandwiched between two surfaces. These surfaces are then rubbed together, so that the slurry grinds down the surfaces.

Engraving

Diamonds are used to engrave stones of granite, quartz and other hard materials. These diamonds will not scratch or break against the other stones, so the work can be completed without worrying about replacing the engraving bit.

Other Uses

Diamonds are also used in x-ray machines and lasers, as windows over enclosed parts. Diamonds enhance sound when made into a very durable speaker dome. In addition to the high refractive index and high dispersion, diamonds also have the highest level of thermal conductivity. Because of this quality, diamonds are used as heat sinks, to prevent heat damage to delicate parts, as in electronic applications. Diamonds are also used to prevent friction between microbearings, and to provide more durability to its mechanism parts.

Diamonds and International Trade

Diamonds are traded all around the world. Many people rely on the diamond industry for their earnings, where jewelers, diamond buyers and diamond miners exchange diamonds for profit. Diamonds are also most notably associated with criminal activity. Many people go to great lengths to possess diamonds, even resorting through theft and other illegal activities.

Future Uses

Future uses for diamonds may extend into medicine for surgical tools, medical devices and for the replacement of joints. Diamonds may also be used in computer parts, communication equipment and for sound materials and devices.

                                    

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We love Rain........come and enjoy

                                   

We have discussed my adoration detest association with Berkeley climate before in this post and I quickly said how I adore the Berkeley rain in that post. What's more, since its been drizzling for the recent days, I've chosen to compose an undeniable post about it. I comprehend that I'm presumably in the minority when I say various things my supposition may be met with cries of incredulity and objection, yet I adore when it rains in Berkeley. It's not on account of I experienced childhood in the Bay Area (I'm from SoCal) and its not on the grounds that I can stand the frosty well (I can't. Indeed, I'm a weakling in terms of icy climate and I believe this is on account of I've been ruined by the sunny climate in SoCal). I don't generally have one motivation to clarify why I cherish when it rains in Berkeley and on the off chance that I had it my way, I would likely put, "in light of the fact that I simply do." But since that would be the most limited blog entry in the historical backdrop of the Golden Bear Blog and I sort of feel like that is a cop-out answer, here are five reasons why I adore when it rains in Berkeley.

Truly, California needs the water. You can read about it here or here or pretty much whatever other news site. Regardless of what you read or where you go, one thing is sure: the California dry season is a few genuine business. Not just does this absence of precipitation and snow influence the state's water limitations, yet it could likewise prompt an increment in rapidly spreading conflagrations and have extreme repercussions for our farming economy. So as much as it is an agony to stroll through when you need to get to classes, we require the downpour.

Alright, so this could in fact be an ace or a con, yet I think of it as a genius, particularly when its the weekend or I don't have any classes. At whatever point it rains, I generally simply need to wrap myself up in spreads and never go out. The sound of the downpour tapping on my window and the dim skies dependably quiet me to rest. It's the ideal climate for resting in or for nestling up with a decent book, a friend or family member, a cushion, or even Netflix.

In all actuality, you can likely have these notwithstanding when it doesn't rain, however they simply taste so vastly improved when its raining. Here, I'll set the scene for you: envision that in the wake of fighting the chilly climate and pouring precipitation, you return home to a dish of warm and flavorful soup or a steaming mug of tea, espresso, or hot chocolate. Also, when you at long last take a taste of that tasty soup or beverage, the glow spreads everywhere on your body and into the very profundities of your spirit. It makes you shudder and feel content at the same time. Alright, so that was somewhat emotional, yet you comprehend what I mean. Warm nourishment can do ponders for both your body and your spirit.


 

Alongside the downpour, I cherish winter garments. In spite of the fact that I'm from SoCal, I'd say that the dominant part of my closet is currently made out of winter garments. I cherish packaging up in an overwhelming coat and various layers. I adore wearing caps and super thick scarves that compass up to my nose and shield me from the components. Also, I particularly cherish cushioned socks. They make me feel like I'm strolling on a cloud and they shield my toes from the rankling cold.When it comes to rain in Berkeley, the thing I adore the most is the day after it rains. The skies turn out to be much clearer and the air feels 10x more clean. It compensates for the times when you grudgingly take off of your warm bed for your 8AM or for the times when you land to class in a puddle in light of the fact that you got splashed by the downpour along the way. I like to believe that the day after it rains is generally ensured to be an extraordinary day. You've endure the tempests and the overcast skies, so you're remunerated with perspectives like the one down underneath. So as much as individuals prefer to protest and whine about the downpour and how it ruins their days, I truly appreciate the downpour and its excellence. Try not to concentrate on the overcast and dim skies, but instead, consider the silver linings and the rainbows that come after the tempests.

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Earthquake Safety Tips

Earthquakes are a common occurrence, rumbling below Earth's surface thousands of times every day. But major earthquakes are less common. Here are some things to do to prepare for an earthquake and what to do once the ground starts shaking.

Safety Tips

• Have an earthquake readiness plan.
• Consult a professional to learn how to make your home sturdier, such as bolting bookcases to wall studs, installing strong latches on cupboards, and strapping the water heater to wall studs.
• Locate a place in each room of the house that you can go to in case of an earthquake. It should be a spot where nothing is likely to fall on you.
• Keep a supply of canned food, an up-to-date first aid kit, 3 gallons (11.4 liters) of water per person, dust masks and goggles, and a working battery-operated radio and flashlights.

• Know how to turn off your gas and water mains.

If Shaking Begins

• Drop down; take cover under a desk or table and hold on.
• Stay indoors until the shaking stops and you're sure it's safe to exit.
• Stay away from bookcases or furniture that can fall on you.
• Stay away from windows. In a high-rise building, expect the fire alarms and sprinklers to go off during a quake.
• If you are in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow.
• If you are outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees, and power lines. Drop to the ground.
• If you are in a car, slow down and drive to a clear place. Stay in the car until the shaking stops.

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Cosmic threesomes make some galaxies run away

Galactic runaways called compact ellipticals may have been booted out of their homes by a stellar intruder. These small, dense galaxies are normally found cozied up to massive host galaxies that cannibalize their petite neighbors over billions of years. But a couple of strays have stumped astronomers, appearing millions of light-years away from any moochers.

Igor Chilingarian and Ivan Zolotukhin of Moscow State University mined mountains of public astronomy data to show how a third galaxy could bump the small one out of the picture, making it an orphan. The researchers estimate that each compact elliptical, over the course of its lifetime as a galactic snack, will encounter three or four stellar intruders. That provides plenty of opportunity for a compact elliptical to then be knocked out of a host’s orbit, the researchers report in the April 24 Science.

The researchers pinpointed galaxies that showed signs of being previously gobbled, emitted little light and were far enough away to be orphans. The technique yielded 11 such runaways and added 184 compact ellipticals attached to host galaxies to the roughly 30 previously known. The team thinks this same phenomenon could explain the why some rare isolated dwarf galaxies also appear so far from any neighbors.

(collected)

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Science: Woolly mammoth DNA shows toll of low diversity

Even before woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) went extinct, signs of decline were written in their DNA, researchers report in the May 18 Current Biology.

The team sequenced genomes from a 44,800-year-old specimen from Siberia and a 4,300-year old specimen from Wrangel Island in Alaska, where the last known population of woolly mammoths lived out their days.

Differences between the sequences suggest that woolly mammoths hit two genetic bottlenecks: one in the middle Pleistocene around 285,000 years ago and one exclusively in the Wrangel Island population at the end of the last ice age (116,000 to 130,000 years ago). The Alaskan specimen also showed signs of low genetic diversity and inbreeding.

The researchers posit that such genetic deficits probably contributed to their subsequent demise. 

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History of Halloween

Halloween is an occasion celebrated on the night of October 31. The statement Halloween is a shortening of All Hallows' Evening otherwise called Hallowe'en or All Hallows' Eve. Customary exercises incorporate trap or-treating, campfires, outfit gatherings, going to "frequented houses" and cutting jack-o-lamps. Irish and Scottish outsiders conveyed renditions of the convention to North America in the nineteenth century. Other western nations grasped the occasion in the late twentieth century including Ireland, the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom and also of Australia and New Zealand. Halloween has its sources in the old Celtic celebration known as Samhain (purported "sah-win"). The celebration of Samhain is a festival of the end of the harvest season in Gaelic society. Samhain was a period utilized by the aged agnostics to take load of supplies and get ready for winter. The old Gaels accepted that on October 31, the limits between the universes of the living and the dead covered and the perished would return to life and reason ruin, for example, infection or harmed yields. The celebration would habitually include blazes. It is accepted that the blazes pulled in bugs to the range which pulled in bats to the region. These are extra characteristics of the historical backdrop of Halloween.

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A human being has lot of responsbility

We are some piece of the aggregate cognizance of the Universe/Deity. When we pass on, we rejoin the sea of thought, and offer what we learned. This is the way the Universe/Deity develops and develops as we do, each one era more illuminated than the last. We resurrect, however not as solitary creatures. Dunking a mug into the sea, the substance won't ever copy precisely. You were George Washington in your past life? So was I. So were we all. We ought to finish our human works. Mankind is not for living them self. It is serving others and helping other people with humankind.

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Neil Patrick Harris is now officially a married man

Beauty and Gideon Scott, have been locked in for a considerable length of time. At the point when New York legitimized gay marriage in 2011, Harris said that he and Burtka, 39, had proposed to each other no less than five years former and had "been wearing engagement rings for a really long time." 

As per E!, Harris and Burtka wore matching Tom Ford tuxedos at the wedding function, which was directed by their companion, "How I Met Your Mother" executive and maker Pam Fryman, and incorporated an execution from Elton John. 

Harris, who turned out as "an exceptionally content gay man" in 2006, told Details magazine in 2012 that he thought he'd generally be single - until he ran over individual performer Burtka. Neil Patrick Harris, David Burtka impart their adoration story 

"It's all child steps: You must be OK with telling your companions you're going out on the town, you must be OK with the individuals in your reality gathering and passing judgment on them, you must be OK with breakups," the "How I Met Your Mother" star said at the time. "I'm vastly appreciative every one of those steps prompted Mr. Burtka - once we began talking, we never stopped."harris and Burtka weren't the main VIP couple tossing a wedding this weekend. An alternate TV star, Fran Drescher, said "I do" to Shiva Ayyadurai on Sunday.

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Long way to go to heaven

Who does not want to go to heaven? I want to go. I believe in heaven. Still I am not at age to go to heaven. It is after death. So no one know when is gonna die. I believe in hell and heaven. Of course god has fixed a place for us for our good done and bad done. I always try to do good work to done for others. I always wish good for others. We all know bad things will bring us sufferings in world or after this world. We should believe this. A good things always make you smile. I do smile. I can take pain and I can suffer a lot for doing good for others. It is not only for heaven purpose. It is long way to go but I want to go to heaven.

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Missing my school life

I love my school life. We did a lot daring things and fun during school life. I had a best friend. We used to walk in a long distance. just for nothing. Spending time and media gossip was our main issue. He used to like Tom cruise but I am very much fan of Tom Hanks. We used to make quarrel regarding this issue. Sometimes we had to go to cinema hall to see cinema. There were so restriction but we never maintain and obey any restriction. I know I missed so many classes for doing nothing . spent time without doing anything but now i can realize i did so wrong. I wish if i could go back to my school life again for real.
Thanking you,

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Elezabeth Taylor a Legend (Last part)

Elizabeth Taylor is known as one of the last, in any other case the last important celebrity, to possess come out of the previous Showmanship business program. And not simply almost any business, the the surface of the whole lot: MGM. Your ex first motion pictures, to be a little one within the first 1940s, starred this sort of Showmanship luminaries since Orson Welles in addition to Spencer Tracy. Your lover swiftly spent their childhood years, even so, in addition to by means of 1950 was, in any other case starring with, presuming important obligations with the achievements involving movies your lover came out with. And then along with important functions onscreen, came globally consideration off-screen, such as caused by a succession involving renowned and/or rich partners in addition to several well being downturn throughout the girl lifestyle. Simply put, Elizabeth Taylor has resided some sort of lifestyle far more interesting in addition to spectacular as compared to almost any movie she actually is ever before came out with in addition to most likely many some other movie you might brand. She actually is identified internationally on her behalf attractiveness, particularly for those violet eyes, along with that your lover grabbed audiences ahead of time with the girl childhood and possesses maintained the earth addicted to since that time. She actually is picked up the Oscar 2 times in addition to she actually is received the girl invest in addition to from the sunshine.

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Enjoy your single life

Enjoy ones individual life. Think about all you need to be able to anticipate: the very first make out, the actual anticipation connected with dropping within really like. It really is fascinating staying individual! Your own long term is actually open up and you'll generate your pleased outset and also at any time immediately after.

Get acquainted with who that you are and also everything you such as rather than centering on the look for really like.
When you complete look for really like, complete what exactly you like, rather than faking the item as you imagine which is in which the various other singles tend to be.
Think on precisely what you could have mastered through previous romantic relationships so long term romantic relationships get yourself a much better start. Never look for really like soon you provide an start coronary heart that may be recovered through previous affects.
Should you should produce a listing of precisely what you're looking for within a lover, practice it, subsequently said away and let it become a thin set of scripts in which shuts an individual down to be able to various other options.

Be ready for wish to are available in by far the most unforeseen bundles and also amazing approaches.

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Traffic jam sometime is not bad

It was immense congested road today. I am late. I have colossal work at my office. My chief saw about road turned parking lot. Presently a days we are experiencing a great deal congested driving conditions. Really street advancement Work is happening as result street power has halted few streets. that is creating of automobile overload. In past time i used to like congested driving conditions while i was under study. I used to listen melody utilizing my Walkman. I needed to dream such a variety of brilliant dream at time of staying at congested driving conditions. Be that as it may now it appeared repulsive malady as part of obligation and work need to be carried out. Likewise i am a capable officer at my office however eventually i am getting a charge out of congested driving conditions . Will impart about that later on

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Your Relationship is in trouble if..

Maybe this really is an individual. Though wandering home from function, there is a tiny dialogue along with oneself: "I make an evening meal constantly, other than, I explained sorry when he / she chipped in relation to pure toothpaste—despite the truth that I love pure toothpaste and its not necessarily too much extravagant. Basically, ever since I ponder the item, I'm typically the initial for you to apologize... and also the initial to remain home with all the little ones close to night time occasion. I function thus hard. What's more exactly what 'm I receiving being an change? A great grasp ahead of sofa? Your regular cluster connected with flowers.

Almost all relational unions possess problems: They provides for a person the particular noiseless therapy in contrast to talking as soon as he or she is disturbed; a person allow careful consideration towards children's university design undertakings when compared with towards delicate portions of his time; definitely not, just one as well as one other of you possibly can concur on the future of Peggy within the aftermath of departing Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce about Angry Guys. That, a person enable on your own realize, is simply what goes on following this sort of a lot of decades with each other, just isn't in which thus? Or even... definitely not suitable? Given that, further than any hesitation, you're not struggling, without an individual's getting involved in a good extramarital entanglements. Concurrently at the same time, visualize the circumstances in which harmful problems are usually mixing. With what indicates could you have the ability to could you say you need to understand?

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Never say goodbye

Never say good bye to your dearest one if you adore,love or like him/her so much.

We are human. We have anger,temper,agony and patience. We should use our best power on patience. patience can win everything. On other hand if you love anyone or if you like any one , you can lost him/his very easily with a simple misbehavior. A true friend never try to be apart from you. Even a well wisher , they can be good relative too , they won't leave you if your in trouble or in danger. We have have to conquer all human being by our love ,mercy and best human being. So friend never say good bye to your real friend. Try to stay together for ever.

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Moonlight enjoying by window

Hello friends it is night here. I can see a big moon from my window. my light is off and moonlight can come my room easily and i am enjoying. Actually if i want to fully enjoy moonlight i should go to on roof. I will but i have to finish my article first. I don't know why bubble is not giving all post at same time. I am getting one post after a post. If they give me every post together it would be helpful for me. Now about moonlight. It is good time for lovers. They can write poem and love letter with moon. Also Everyone can enjoy this mysterious light with fresh mind. I know every mind will be refresh.

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My Autumn Romance

I am  here within the walls of my room, thinking about how to be happier this fall. I do not want to feel pain because I miss you so, I am going to drop everything and run into your arms. I want to kiss your hands and feel complete to enjoy the amenity of this season.
My commitment will be only to you, I am in need of care and affection. As I believe these are things that only you can give me to my satisfaction. So I'm on the road to happiness and I will not stop for anything. I long to be near you soon.

I am going to forget my commitments and devote all my time to our love. I hope this decision finds all receptivity on your part. I know you love me very much and all you want is to be by my side. So, it seems, we will satisfy our hunger for each other. We will finally enjoy our love full time.

Who said that so much love just hazes, didn’t know what they were talking about. Love is the greatest source of joy and happiness and what we need is more time to enjoy it. I'll forget everything and just love you so much.

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Annabelle a true story horror film

Bob Type features discovered the right surprise for their expectant better half, Mia - a beautiful, uncommon retro toy doll in a real white-colored bridal dress. Yet Mia's excite using Annabelle won't final lengthy. During one dreadful nights, their house will be breached by means of customers of your satanic cult, that violently assault the actual couple of. Spilled our blood and horror aren't all that they depart at the rear of. The cultists get conjured a entity thus malevolent which almost nothing that they does will probably examine towards the threatening gateway towards the damned that is certainly currently... Annabelle.

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Elvis & Madona

Throughout Copacabana, the lesbian professional photographer Elvis "Elvira" is hired to deliver pizzas from the evening adjust throughout the girl motorbike. Your ex very first assignment is often a shipping and delivery for the transvestite hairdresser Lady Madona "Adailton"; on the other hand, any time Elvis finds Madona's condo, she detects which the girl buyer continues to be outdone upwards and also swindled simply by the girl significant other João Tripé, exactly who got all the girl savings which she that will work with to produce a present. Elvis befriends Madona and also she cards Elvis to go and also photo the girl performance inside a night-club.

Elvis drops deeply in love with Madona and also earlier Elvis moves for you to Madona's apartment. Elvis inadvertently usually takes photographs connected with João Tripé trafficking drugs and also the girl has for sale those to a paper. João Tripé is actually arrested and also he assures for you to payback in opposition to Elvis. On the other hand, Elvis becomes expecting a baby and so they determine to have the newborn. Madona eventually provides the dollars for you to rent payments a movie theater for your display she's got imagined with. Yet João Tripe continues to be released and also attempts the few available.

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I`m going to open up my heart today

From time to time, you will discover things that transpire right facing your face and you aren't even conscious of these people, isn`t the item? That always takes place while you are entirely distracted or you might have close you to ultimately the earth outside.
I`m not really seeking to conquer throughout the bush, but it would've already been very nice to get began this specific mail by simply expressing right away i was entirely fond of people; it`s therefore peculiar personally being therefore blinded by simply enjoy whilst people are most often shades to be able to my personal enjoy. In the event it`s genuine distraction and also you are really uninformed on the method We have a look at people, then there may be even now hope this specific mail will probably make some impact. My personal solely fear, however, will be that you've by now observed my personal interest in people and also you couldn`t attention much less. Is that the situation?
We seriously hope not really... We suppose people haven`t even understood there is an individual which looks at people otherwise and whoever cardiovascular system is better than more quickly whenever you happen to be next to. Very much when i think of yourself as unobtrusive, We can sometimes be also obvious; yet are aware that I have brought me personally to write people this specific mail, the actual dices are already throw and I hope fortune will be with my personal part.
Go here.

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